Observational Learning – Seeing, Learning, and Imitating

Observational Learning (also known as Social Learning) is a type of learning that occurs through watching other people. Instead of learning through direct experience, you’re learning by observing the actions, behaviors, and consequences that other people experience.

This article is part of a series on the different types of learning, where we explore the major types of learning and then see how we can apply them in practice to the learning of our students, our children, and ourselves.

You’ve likely heard some variation of the saying “tell me who your friends are, and I’ll tell you who you are”. It’s a testament to the power of Observational Learning. Albert Bandura, a renowned psychologist, highlighted the concept of Observational Learning through his famous “Bobo Doll” experiment. He demonstrated that children could learn aggressive behaviors simply by watching adults act aggressively towards a doll. Four key phases (or components) play a part in Observational Learning:

1. Attention: You must pay attention to the person or behavior (called the “model”) you’re observing.
2. Retention: You need to remember what you observed.
3. Reproduction: You must be able to replicate the observed behavior.
4. Motivation: There should be some form of motivation or reason to replicate the behavior.

This learning process is crucial in many aspects of life, from learning social norms and behaviors, to developing new skills or habits.

Observational Learning in Social and Cultural Context

Observational Learning plays a crucial role in social and cultural contexts. It’s one of the primary ways individuals learn and adapt to the social and cultural norms of their communities. Classroom education is an inherently social exercise done in the context of a culture, so it’s important to look at Observational Learning in the social and cultural aspects. Here are some key points:

• Social Norms: Observational Learning is key in understanding how to behave in various social situations. For example, children often learn appropriate behavior by watching their parents, peers, and teachers. This includes basic manners, how to interact with others, or how to behave in a classroom setting.
• Cultural Practices: Cultural norms and practices are often passed down through generations via Observational Learning. This includes language, customs, rituals, etiquette, and more. For instance, a child may learn how to participate in a cultural ceremony by watching their elders.
• Role Modeling: In both social and cultural contexts, role models significantly influence behavior. Individuals often emulate the behavior of those they admire or respect. This could be a family member, celebrity, or any influential figure in a person’s life.
• Social Skills: Observational Learning is key to developing social skills. By observing others, individuals learn how to communicate, empathize, negotiate, and navigate various social interactions.
• Group Behavior: Observational Learning helps individuals understand how to behave in different group settings, be it family, friends, classrooms, or workplaces. They learn the roles, dynamics, and expectations within these groups.
• Values and Attitudes: Observational Learning also shapes our values and attitudes. By observing the reactions and attitudes of others towards various issues, individuals often form their own opinions and beliefs.

Observational Learning is integral to how we learn to operate within our social and cultural environments (including the classroom!). It allows us to learn from others’ experiences without having to experience them firsthand, aiding in our socialization and adaptation to different social and cultural contexts.

When do we learn by observation the most?

Are we always learning by watching others? We always can learn by watching others, but there are optimal conditions to do so. Here’s when we can learn by observation most effectively:

• Model Characteristics: If the model (the person or behavior being observed) is similar to the observer, attractive, high-status, or perceived as competent or successful, the observer is more likely to imitate their behavior. This is a very important factor, and this is why role models (good or bad) have a significant impact on Observational Learning.
• Observer’s Developmental Level and Cognitive Processing: The observer needs to be able to understand and memorize the behavior, and later reproduce the behavior. For example, a mathematical calculus problem might not be effective for Observational Learning in a group of first graders.
• Attention: The observer must be able to pay attention to the model. Distractions or lack of interest will decrease the effectiveness of Observational Learning.
• Clear Consequences: If the behavior is followed by clear, consistent, and desirable outcomes, it’s more likely to be imitated. For example, if a student sees a peer being praised for a specific behavior, they are more likely to replicate that behavior.
• Practice and Reinforcement: The opportunity to practice observed behavior and receive feedback or reinforcement enhances the learning process. This is why many teachers use demonstrations followed by individual or group practice.
• Motivation: Observers must be motivated to carry out the actions they have seen. If there is no desire to learn or no perceived benefit, Observational Learning is much less likely to occur.

Now we can see that while some Observational Learning can occur unconsciously, it often involves a significant amount of conscious thought and intention by both the teacher and the learner.

Effective ways to teach and facilitate learning through Observational Learning

Observational Learning can be a very effective teaching strategy when done correctly. Here are some methods for parents and teachers to facilitate effective Observational Learning:

• Modeling: Demonstrate the behavior or skill you want the learners to acquire. Make sure to perform each step clearly and accurately. Explain what you’re doing and why as you model the behavior and explain it in a way that holds the learners’ attention.
• Scaffold Learning: If the task is complex, break it down into smaller, manageable parts. Demonstrate each part, allow learners to practice, and gradually introduce more parts as learners become proficient.
• Provide Context: Explain when and why the behavior or skill is useful. This helps learners understand the relevance of what they’re learning and can increase their motivation to learn.
• Offer Opportunities for Active Participation and Practice: Give learners the chance to practice the behavior or skill they observed. This aids in the retention and reproduction stages of Observational Learning.
• Feedback and Reinforcement: Provide constructive feedback and reinforce positive behaviors. This helps learners understand what they’re doing correctly and what needs improvement.
• Use Varied Models: Different learners may relate better to different models. Using a variety of models can help ensure that all learners can identify with at least one model.
• Leverage Media and Technology: Videos, simulations, and other technological tools can provide additional opportunities for Observational Learning, especially for skills or behaviors that can’t be easily demonstrated in the classroom.

Remember that successful Observational Learning depends on the learners’ ability to pay attention, remember what they observed, reproduce the behavior, and be motivated to learn. Creating an environment that supports these components can enhance the effectiveness of Observational Learning.

What about learners outside of a classroom environment?

Creating an effective environment for your own Observational Learning requires careful thought and planning. Here are a few strategies for individual learners:

• Choose Appropriate Models: Observational Learning is most effective when the model is relevant, competent, and admired or respected. So, if you want to learn a particular skill, find someone who is proficient in that skill and whom you respect. This could be a mentor, coach, teacher, peer, or even an individual showcasing their skills online.
• Eliminate Distractions: To effectively observe and learn, you need to be able to focus. This means creating a learning environment that is free from unnecessary distractions, where you can pay full attention to the model.
• Engage Actively: Active engagement enhances Observational Learning. This means not just passively watching, but also asking questions, taking notes, and reflecting on what you’re learning.
• Practice: Observational Learning doesn’t stop at observation. You also need to practice the skill or behavior you’re trying to learn. Try to create opportunities for safe and constructive practice.
• Seek Feedback: Look for environments where you can get constructive feedback on your performance. This could be from the model, from a teacher or coach, or from peers.
• Use Technology: Technology can greatly enhance Observational Learning. Online tutorials, videos, and simulations can all be useful tools. Using technology allows you to learn at your own pace and revisit the material as often as you need.
• Motivate Yourself: Remember that motivation is an important pillar of Observational Learning. Frequently remind yourself of why you want to learn the skill or behavior and what benefits you’ll gain from learning it.

In Conclusion…

Observational Learning is a key tool to teaching and learning, but it goes beyond the boundaries of classroom learning and enters every facet of our experience, whether we’re learning new skills, adapting to cultural norms, or forming social relationships. I hope you’ve enjoyed reading and reflecting on this interesting topic as much as we’ve enjoyed researching and writing about it!